SherbyNet - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

Micron Document

<!DOCTYPE html>

<title>Musgrave Block</title>

</head>

<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Musgrave Block</span></span>

</h1>

</header>

</p>

<p>The <b>Musgrave Block</b> (also known as the Musgrave Province) is an east-west trending belt of <a href="Proterozoic" title="Proterozoic">Proterozoic</a> <a href="Granulite" title="Granulite">granulite</a>-<a href="Gneiss" title="Gneiss">gneiss</a> basement rocks approximately 500 kilometres (310 mi) long. The Musgrave Block extends from western <a href="South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a> into <a href="Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>.

</p><p>The Musgrave Block is primarily exposed through the actions of the <a href="Petermann_Orogeny" title="Petermann Orogeny">Petermann Orogeny</a> at c. 535-550 Ma, which exhumed the <a href="Orogeny" title="Orogeny">orogenic belt</a> along the Woodroffe Thrust.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geomorphology_of_Quaternary_deposits">Geomorphology of Quaternary deposits</h2></div>

<p>The Musgrave Block is currently passive geologically, with surficial processes described as residual erosion. The area currently experiences on average less than 150mm (6 inches) of rainfall per annum, which provides little <a href="Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">surface runoff</a> and hence virtually no erosion.

</p><p>The landforms of the area are primarily composed of wide <a href="Calcrete" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcrete">calcrete</a> plains, often covered by <a href="Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> Age <a href="Aeolian_processes" title="Aeolian processes">aeolian</a> deposits of sand dunes, sometimes reworked into ephemeral sheetwash fans. Outcrop is rare, restricted primarily to the igneous rocks of the Giles Complex and several <a href="Granite_dome" title="Granite dome">granite domes</a>, gneiss domes and isolated outcrops.

</p><p>This area is also a distinct physiographic province of the larger <a href="Australian_Shield" title="Australian Shield">West Australian Shield</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Palaeozoic_rocks">Palaeozoic rocks</h2></div>

<p>Several Palaeozoic to neoproterozoic sedimentary basins onlap the Musgrave Block, and are exposed mostly around its edges. These were derived from erosion of the Musgrave Block basement during the neoproterozoic to Permian.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proterozoic_basement">Proterozoic basement</h2></div>

<p>The Proterozoic of the Musgrave Block is composed of seven main classes of rocks:

</p>

<ul><li>Surficial volcanics of c.1050 to 1080 Ma, both mafic (Mummawarrawarra Basalt) and andesitic to rhyolitic (Tollu, Smoke Hill Volcanics) and the Bentley Supergroup volcanics and sediments of c. 1080 Ma</li>

<li>Large intrusive caldera type granite intrusive complexes (Palgrave, Skirmish Hill, Smoke Hill), possibly of c. 1050 and likely no older than 1080 Ma</li>

<li>Partly metamorphosed, rarely dissected c. 1080 Ma granite</li>

<li>Usually unmetamorphosed, rarely dissected granites of a c. 1050 <a href="Intrusive_suite" title="Intrusive suite">intrusive suite</a></li>

<li>Partly metamorphosed, dissected intrusive rocks of the mafic-ultramafic c. 1080 Ma Giles Complex</li>

<li>Highly metamorphosed metagranites of the c. 1200 Ma suite</li>

<li>High-grade crystalline metamorphic basement rocks of c. 1550-1300 Ma age</li></ul>

<p>The Musgrave Block is flanked by several <a href="Proterozoic" title="Proterozoic">Proterozoic</a> to <a href="Palaeozoic" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeozoic">Palaeozoic</a> sedimentary basins, whose sedimentary history can elucidate the timing of tectonic events in the Musgrave Block post-1080 Ma. These include the Proterozoic <a href="Amadeus_Basin" title="Amadeus Basin">Amadeus</a> and <a href="Officer_Basin" title="Officer Basin">Officer Basins</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Events">Events</h2></div>

<p>The most illustrating way of considering the Musgrave Block is as part of a time-space plot in which geological events are arrayed in time against rock units, stratigraphic relationships and for correlative purposes.

</p><p>The key events in the Musgrave Block are:

</p>

<ul><li>Protolith formation ~1550 Ma. Formation of crustal rocks of the Birksgate Complex, which are both mafic and felsic in composition.</li>

<li>Igneous event and orogeny ~1300 Ma inferred from geochronology and distribution of felsic “volcanic” <a href="Supracrustal_sequence" class="mw-redirect" title="Supracrustal sequence">supracrustal sequence</a> of the high grade gneisses<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Musgravian orogeny at ~1200 Ma including generation of voluminous Kulgera Suite of <a href="Granite" title="Granite">granites</a> and metamorphosis of the Birksgate Complex and ~1300 supracrustal sequence to <a href="Amphibolite" title="Amphibolite">amphibolite</a>-<a href="Granulite" title="Granulite">granulite</a> facies</li>

<li>Warakurna <a href="Large_igneous_province" title="Large igneous province">Large igneous province</a> at 1076 ± 6 Ma including the intrusion of the Giles Complex and the Winburn Suite of granites, plus deposition of the Bentley Supergroup (including Tollu and Smoke Hill Volcanics)</li>

<li>Amata Dyke Suite at ~830-880 Ma</li>

<li><a href="Petermann_Orogeny" title="Petermann Orogeny">Petermann Orogeny</a>, 535-550 Ma; marginal foreland basin formation, trending to crustal consolidation and quiescence</li>

<li><a href="Permian" title="Permian">Permian</a> glaciation and erosion of Petermann Orogeny mountains; deposition of Permian sequences in Officer and Amadeus basins</li>

<li>Intracontinental setting till present</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Granites_and_calderas">Granites and calderas</h2></div>

<p>There are three main phases of <a href="Granite" title="Granite">granite</a> intrusion into the Musgrave Block:

</p>

<ul><li>Kulgera Suite at 1200 Ma</li>

<li>At ~1080Ma synchronous with the Giles Complex</li>

<li>Winburn Suite at ~1050Ma postdating the Giles Complex</li></ul>

<p>The Kulgera Suite is a widespread, voluminous suite of fractionated amphibole-bearing plagioclase rich tonalite to granodiorites of an I-type affinity (Stewart, 2003). They are dated at ~1200 Ma and are considered to be related to melting of the lower crust during the ~1200 Ma Musgravian Orogeny.

The Windburn Suite is considered to be an <a href="Anorogenic_magmatism" title="Anorogenic magmatism">anorogenic</a> A-type granite suite produced by <a href="Anatexis" title="Anatexis">anatexis</a> of the lower crust at ~1080 to 1050 Ma by the injection of the mafic Giles Complex intrusions. They are in most cases poorly fractionated, biotite-muscovite granites, with little hornblende, a high radiometric count and the presence of fluorine. The 1080 Ma granites and 1050 Ma granites can be distinguished on geochemical grounds, the latter is perhaps created by the above process, and the earlier suite a hybrid between A-type and I-type granites formed by assimilation and mixing.

</p><p>There are also significant granite caldera complexes, of many hundred square kilometres in area, which intrude the Musgrave Block. These are of the ~1050 Ma age, and are <a href="Subvolcanic_rock" title="Subvolcanic rock">subvolcanic</a>, possibly related to some of the ~1050 Ma volcanic rocks.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palgrave_Volcanic_Association">Palgrave Volcanic Association</h3></div>

<p>The Palgrave Palgrave Volcanic Association is a large volcanic and granite caldera edifice of about 1500 square kilometres sandwiched between the Jameson Range Intrusion and the gneisses underlying the Bentley Supergroup volcanics.

</p><p>The caldera is in two parts, an overlying volcanic edifice composed primarily of porphyritic rhyolite and dacite with occasional vent complex agglomerates, which shows prominent circular ring-complex faults, and the Winburn Granite which underlies the caldera and is primarily exposed in the east as a pink, potassium-feldspathic porphyry granite, the lower margins of which are weakly tectonised.

</p><p>The whole caldera edifice is tilted to the southwest, which is why the Winburn Granite is exposed along the east and northeast.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skirmish_Hill_Caldera">Skirmish Hill Caldera</h3></div>

<p>The Skirmish Hill Caldera is poorly exposed along the southern margin of the Musgrave Block and consists of granite and overlying? rhyolite. It has been traditionally seen as a potential source for the Tollu Volcanics.

</p><p>The caldera is truncated on the north by a north-dipping thrust fault and is probably tilted to the south.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_calderas">Other calderas</h3></div>

<p>Several other prominent gravity and magnetic highs are arranged along the Mugrave Block strike line, one of which was drilled by <a href="BHP" title="BHP">BHP</a> in the 1990s through 300m of Permian glacial sediments.

</p><p>This caldera is composed of highly tectonised, stretched felsic volcanic rocks, interleaved with a significant thickness of equally sheared titaniferous differentiated mafic <a href="Sill_(geology)" title="Sill (geology)">sills</a>. The best interpretation of this, and probably also of the Palgrave Caldera is that they represent hot spots along the Musgrave Block where significant magma flux penetrated, formed volcanic calderas with large subvolcanic granite intrusions, and associated mafic volcanism.

</p><p>The relationship of the large granite calderas to the 1050-1080 Ma volcanics has been postulated as one in which the granite calderas were the source for the intermediate and felsic volcanic rocks.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bentley_Supergroup">Bentley Supergroup</h2></div>

<p>The Bentley Supergroup Volcanics are a sequence of bimodal supracrustal volcanic rocks formed during the ~1080 Warakurna Large Igneous Province, and are widely considered comagmatic with the <a href="Ultramafic_to_mafic_layered_intrusions" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultramafic to mafic layered intrusions">mafic to ultramafic</a> Giles Complex intrusions.

</p><p>The Bentley Supergroup is composed primarily of <a href="Bimodal_volcanism" title="Bimodal volcanism">bimodal volcanism</a>, with several hundred-metres thicknesses each of alternating <a href="Rhyolite" title="Rhyolite">rhyolite</a> and <a href="Basalt" title="Basalt">basaltic</a> volcanism adding up to several kilometres true thickness in the area of the Warburton Range to the southwest of the Palgrave caldera. The Bentley Supergroup is divided into the Cassidy Group, Pussycat Group and Tollu Group.

</p><p>The prevailing theory of the formation of the Bentley Supergroup is that the Warakurna Large Igneous Province, primarily represented by the Giles Complex intruding into the lower crust, breached the crust and erupted voluminous basaltic lava flows, and when enough heat had been added to the crust by the massive intrusions below, intracrustal felsic and intermediate melts were produced, forming A-type intracontinental granites of the Winburn Suite, and the felsic volcanic rocks.

</p><p>This created the typical bimodal volcanic signature of the Cassidy Group and Pussycat Groups; the Tollu Group is a bit different, and it is considered the product of the large granite calderas which were formed immediately after the Giles Complex magmatism.

Giles (1980) and earlier mappers have assigned the MacDougall Formation, overlying Mummawarrawarra Basalt, intermediate Smoke Hill Volcanics and the Tollu Volcanics to the Bentley Supergroup.

</p><p>There has been little real study done on the Bentley Supergroup Volcanics since the 1960s. Geochemical and petrological observations are few and far between or lacking comprehensive rare earth and trace elements suites. The Bentley Supergoup is poorly exposed in South Australia (if at all).

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="reflist">

<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">White, Clarke, Nelson, 1999, SHRIMP U–Pb zircon dating of Grenville-age events in the western part of the Musgrave Block, central Australia, 17(5), 465-481</span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li>GLIKSON A.Y., STEWART A.J., BALLHAUS C.G., CLARKE G.L., FEEKEN E.H.J., LEVEN J.H., SHERATON J.W., AND SUN S.S. 1996. Geology of the western Musgrave Block, central Australia, with particular reference to the mafic-ultramafic Giles Complex. <a href="Geoscience_Australia" title="Geoscience Australia">Australian Geological Survey Organisation</a> Bulletin 239. 205 pp.</li></ul>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Geography_topics941" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div id="Geography_topics941" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Geography" title="Geography">Geography</a> <a href="Outline_of_geography" title="Outline of geography">topics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li>Glossary</li>

<li><a href="History_of_geography" title="History of geography">History</a></li>

<li><a href="Philosophy_of_geography" title="Philosophy of geography">Philosophy</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_geographers" title="List of geographers">Geographers</a></li>

<li><a href="Index_of_geography_articles" title="Index of geography articles">Index</a></li>

<li><a href="Outline_of_geography" title="Outline of geography">Outline</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Human_geography" title="Human geography">Human</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Behavioral_geography" title="Behavioral geography">Behavioral</a></li>

<li><a href="Cognitive_geography" title="Cognitive geography">Cognitive</a></li>

<li><a href="Critical_geography" title="Critical geography">Critical</a></li>

<li><a href="Cultural_geography" title="Cultural geography">Cultural</a>

<ul><li><a href="Animal_geographies" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal geographies">Animal</a></li>

<li><a href="Children's_geographies" title="Children's geographies">Children's</a></li>

<li><a href="Economic_geography" title="Economic geography">Economic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Agricultural_geography" title="Agricultural geography">Agricultural</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyber_geography" title="Cyber geography">Cyber</a></li>

<li><a href="Development_geography" title="Development geography">Development</a></li>

<li><a href="Geography_of_finance" title="Geography of finance">Financial</a></li>

<li><a href="Historical_economic_geography" title="Historical economic geography">Histo-economic</a></li>

<li><a href="Labor_geography" title="Labor geography">Labor</a></li>

<li><a href="Geomarketing" title="Geomarketing">Marketing</a></li>

<li><a href="Retail_geography" title="Retail geography">Retail</a></li>

<li><a href="Theoretical_economic_geography" title="Theoretical economic geography">Theoretical economic</a></li>

<li><a href="Transport_geography" title="Transport geography">Transport</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Language_geography" title="Language geography">Language</a>

<ul><li><a href="Geolinguistics" title="Geolinguistics">Linguistics</a></li>

<li><a href="Music_geography" title="Music geography">Music</a></li>

<li><a href="Vernacular_geography" title="Vernacular geography">Vernacular</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Moral_geography" title="Moral geography">Moral</a></li>

<li><a href="Psychogeography" title="Psychogeography">Psychological</a>

<ul><li><a href="Emotional_geography" title="Emotional geography">Emotional</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexuality_and_space" title="Sexuality and space">Sexuality</a></li>

<li><a href="Religion_and_geography" title="Religion and geography">Religion</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Health_geography" title="Health geography">Health</a></li>

<li><a href="Historical_geography" title="Historical geography">Historical</a>

<ul><li><a href="Palaeogeography" title="Palaeogeography">Palaeo</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Imagined_geographies" title="Imagined geographies">Imagined</a></li>

<li><a href="Internet_geography" title="Internet geography">Internet</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_geography" title="Political geography">Political</a>

<ul><li><a href="Critical_geopolitics" title="Critical geopolitics">Critical geopolitics</a></li>

<li><a href="Electoral_geography" title="Electoral geography">Electoral</a></li>

<li><a href="Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">Geopolitics</a>

<ul><li><a href="Strategic_geography" title="Strategic geography">Strategic</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Military_geography" title="Military geography">Military</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Population_geography" title="Population geography">Population</a>

<ul><li><a href="Settlement_geography" title="Settlement geography">Settlement</a>

<ul><li><a href="Regional_geography" title="Regional geography">Regional</a></li>

<li><a href="Urban_geography" title="Urban geography">Urban</a>

<ul><li><a href="Music_geography" title="Music geography">Music</a></li>

<li><a href="Transport_geography" title="Transport geography">Transport</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Social_geography" title="Social geography">Social</a></li>

<li><a href="Tourism_geography" title="Tourism geography">Tourism</a></li>

<li><a href="Tropical_geography" title="Tropical geography">Tropical</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Physical_geography" title="Physical geography">Physical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Biogeography" title="Biogeography">Biogeography</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ecology" title="Ecology">Ecology</a></li>

<li><a href="Phytogeography" title="Phytogeography">Phytogeography</a></li>

<li><a href="Zoogeography" title="Zoogeography">Zoogeography</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Coastal_geography" title="Coastal geography">Coastal geography</a> / <a href="Oceanography" title="Oceanography">Oceanography</a></li>

<li><a href="Earth_science" title="Earth science">Earth science</a>

<ul><li><a href="Atmospheric_science" title="Atmospheric science">Atmospheric science</a> / <a href="Meteorology" title="Meteorology">Meteorology</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_science" title="Environmental science">Environmental science</a></li>

<li><a href="Climatology" title="Climatology">Climatology</a> / <a href="Paleoclimatology" title="Paleoclimatology">Paleoclimatology</a> / <a href="Palaeogeography" title="Palaeogeography">Palaeogeography</a></li>

<li><a href="Geobiology" title="Geobiology">Geobiology</a></li>

<li><a href="Geophysics" title="Geophysics">Geophysics</a> / <a href="Geodesy" title="Geodesy">Geodesy</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Earth_system_science" title="Earth system science">Earth system science</a></li>

<li><a href="Geomorphology" title="Geomorphology">Geomorphology</a> / <a href="Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a></li>

<li><a href="Glaciology" title="Glaciology">Glaciology</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydrology" title="Hydrology">Hydrology</a> / <a href="Limnology" title="Limnology">Limnology</a></li>

<li><a href="Soil_science" title="Soil science">Soil science</a> (<a href="Pedology" title="Pedology">Pedology</a>/<a href="Edaphology" title="Edaphology">Edaphology</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Quaternary_science" title="Quaternary science">Quaternary science</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Technical_geography" title="Technical geography">Technical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Geodesign" title="Geodesign">Geodesign</a></li>

<li><a href="Geodesy" title="Geodesy">Geodesy</a></li>

<li><a href="Geoinformatics" title="Geoinformatics">Geoinformatics</a></li>

<li><a href="Geographic_information_science" title="Geographic information science">Geographic information science</a></li>

<li><a href="Geomatics" title="Geomatics">Geomatics</a></li>

<li><a href="Statistical_geography" title="Statistical geography">Statistical geography</a></li>

<li><a href="Spatial_analysis" title="Spatial analysis">Spatial analysis</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Integrated_geography" title="Integrated geography">Integrated</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Environmental_social_science" title="Environmental social science">Environmental social science</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_studies" title="Environmental studies">Environmental studies</a></li>

<li><a href="Landscape_architecture" title="Landscape architecture">Landscape architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Landscape_ecology" title="Landscape ecology">Landscape ecology</a></li>

<li><a href="Time_geography" title="Time geography">Time geography</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Outline_of_geography#Tasks_and_tools_of_geography" title="Outline of geography">Techniques<br> and tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Quantitative_geography" title="Quantitative geography">Quantitative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cartography" title="Cartography">Cartography</a>

<ul><li><a href="Computer_cartography" title="Computer cartography">Computer cartography</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_mapping" title="Web mapping">Web mapping</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Geochronology" title="Geochronology">Geochronology</a></li>

<li><a href="Geographic_information_system" title="Geographic information system">Geographic information system</a>

<ul><li><a href="Distributed_GIS" title="Distributed GIS">Distributed GIS</a></li>

<li><a href="Internet_GIS" title="Internet GIS">Internet GIS</a></li>

<li><a href="Geologic_modelling" class="mw-redirect" title="Geologic modelling">Geologic modelling</a></li>

<li><a href="Geomathematics" title="Geomathematics">Geomathematics</a></li>

<li><a href="Geostatistics" title="Geostatistics">Geostatistics</a></li>

<li><a href="Geovisualization" title="Geovisualization">Geovisualization</a></li>

<li><a href="Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">Global Positioning System</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydrography" title="Hydrography">Hydrography</a></li>

<li><a href="Map_algebra" title="Map algebra">Map algebra</a></li>

<li><a href="Participant_observation" title="Participant observation">Participant observation</a></li>

<li><a href="Photogrammetry" title="Photogrammetry">Photogrammetry</a></li>

<li><a href="Remote_sensing" title="Remote sensing">Remote sensing</a></li>

<li><a href="Statistical_survey" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical survey">Statistical survey</a></li>

<li><a href="Surveying" title="Surveying">Surveying</a></li>

<li><a href="Land_change_modeling" title="Land change modeling">Land change modeling</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Qualitative_geography" title="Qualitative geography">Qualitative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ethnography" title="Ethnography">Ethnography</a></li>

<li><a href="Geopoetics" title="Geopoetics">Geopoetics</a></li>

<li><a href="Interview_(research)" title="Interview (research)">Interview (research)</a></li>

<li><a href="Survey_(human_research)" title="Survey (human research)">Survey (human research)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions,<br>organizations,<br>and societies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li> Geography organizations</li>

<li>Geographic data and information organizations</li>

<li><a href="List_of_geographical_societies" title="List of geographical societies">Geographical societies</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_geoscience_organizations" title="List of geoscience organizations">Geoscience societies</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Geo-literacy" title="Geo-literacy">Geo-literacy</a></li>

<li><a href="Geographers_on_Film" title="Geographers on Film">Geographers on Film</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Geography_Olympiad" title="International Geography Olympiad">International Geography Olympiad</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Council_for_Geographic_Education" title="National Council for Geographic Education">National Council for Geographic Education</a></li>

<li><a href="Spatial_citizenship" title="Spatial citizenship">Spatial citizenship</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publication</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Geography books</li>

<li>Geography journals</li>

<li>Geographic magazines</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> <b>Category</b></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <b><a href="Portal%3AGeography" title="Portal:Geography">Portal</a></b></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Geography" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Geography">Commons</a></b></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"></span></span> <b>WikiProject</b></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Physical_geography382" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Physical_geography382" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Physical_geography" title="Physical geography">Physical geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Atmospheric_science" title="Atmospheric science">Atmospheric science</a> / <a href="Meteorology" title="Meteorology">Meteorology</a></li>

<li><a href="Biogeography" title="Biogeography">Biogeography</a> / <a href="Phytogeography" title="Phytogeography">Phytogeography</a></li>

<li><a href="Coastal_geography" title="Coastal geography">Coastal geography</a> / <a href="Oceanography" title="Oceanography">Oceanography</a></li>

<li><a href="Soil_science" title="Soil science">Soil science</a> / <a href="Pedology" title="Pedology">Pedology</a> / <a href="Edaphology" title="Edaphology">Edaphology</a></li>

<li><a href="Geobiology" title="Geobiology">Geobiology</a></li>

<li><a href="Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a></li>

<li><a href="Geomorphology" title="Geomorphology">Geomorphology</a></li>

<li><a href="Geostatistics" title="Geostatistics">Geostatistics</a></li>

<li><a href="Glaciology" title="Glaciology">Glaciology</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydrology" title="Hydrology">Hydrology</a> / <a href="Limnology" title="Limnology">Limnology</a></li>

<li><a href="Landscape_ecology" title="Landscape ecology">Landscape ecology</a></li>

<li><a href="Quaternary_science" title="Quaternary science">Quaternary science</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> <b>Category</b></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <b><a href="Portal%3AGeography" title="Portal:Geography">Portal</a></b></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Physical_geography" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Physical geography">Commons</a></b></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2024-05-07" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Musgrave_Block&oldid=1222626060">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

</div>

</div></div>

</div>

</main>

</div>

</body></html>